The League of Nations APUSH Topics to Study for Test Day

Most people know the League of Nations for being that one international organization after World War I that failed; sort of like a global Articles of Confederation. And yet, the nuances of the organization – the how and why of its beginning and its end – are often lost. This blog post will get more into those nuances and give you some questions at the end to help you solidify the information that you have learned for the APUSH exam. The proposal for a League of Nations was the fourteenth of President Woodrow Wilson’s 1 points? Woodrow Wilson’s 1 points were in line with these beliefs. Furthermore, Wilson knew that Russia in 1917 was entertaining other ideas of the world – ideas that made capitalism obsolete. In his 14 points, Wilson would offer up another idea for how nations could interact with each other peacefully. In the fourteenth point, Wilson stated, â€Å"A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.† This point was the foundation of the League of Nations. What was the League of Nations? In a response to the disastrous system of alliances that are often credited with beginning WWI, the League of Nations would be primarily a global peace-keeping organization. Member nations would vote on how to deal with problems, first diplomatically, then, economically. There would be no League of Nations army set to enforce the policies. Instead, the member nations would be primarily responsible for carrying out the League’s wishes. There were, of course, many weaknesses in this structure. First and foremost, the League failed in its ultimate mission: prevent another world war. There are likely many reasons for this, including: 1. The League was made up primarily of Allied nations in WWI, giving it the nickname â€Å"the League of Victors.† 2. Although the League was designed to be a global organization, many nations never joined, joined for a brief period of time, or never followed through on the recommendations of the League. 3. The biggest nation at the time – the nation that proposed the League – never joined the organization. Can you guess which nation that was? Yup. The United States. Why didn’t the United States join the League of Nations? Let’s look at two documents to help us make sense of that question. The first excerpt comes from Woodrow Wilson giving a speech in Pueblo, Colorado in September 1919. Wilson was touring the nation trying to build support for the League. â€Å"My fellow citizens, as I have crossed the continent, I have perceived more and more that men have been busy creating an absolutely false impression of the treaty of peace and the Covenant of the League of Nations. Reflect, my fellow citizens that the membership of this great League is going to include all the great fighting nations of the world, as well as the weak ones. And what do they unite for? They enter into a solemn promise to one another that they will never use their power against one another for aggression; that they never will violate the territorial integrity of a neighbor; that they never will interfere with the political independence of a neighborI wish that those who oppose this settlement could feel the moral obligation that rests upon us not to turn our backs on the boys who died, but to see the thing through, to see it through to the end and make good their redemption of the world. For nothing less depends upon this decision, nothing less than liberation and salvation of the world.† Source: Stanford History Education Group. Here, Wilson is arguing that entering the League of Nations is a moral duty for the United States, or else the war would have been fought in vain. But Wilson wasn’t the only one who had something to say about the League. The Republican Senator, Henry Cabot Lodge, had some strong words for Wilson and his proposed League: Mr. President: I can never be anything else but an American, and I must think of the United States first. I have never had but one allegiance I cannot divide it now. I have loved but one flag and I cannot share that devotion and give affection to the mongrel banner invented for a league. Internationalism is to me repulsive. The United States is the worlds best hope, but if you fetter her in the interests and quarrels of other nations, if you tangle her in the intrigues of Europe, you will destroy her power for good and endanger her very existence. Leave her to march freely through the centuries to come as in the years that have gone. No doubt many excellent and patriotic people see a coming fulfillment of noble ideals in the words league for peace. We all respect and share these aspirations and desires, but some of us see no hope, but rather defeat, for them in this murky plan. For we, too, have our ideals, even if we differ from those who have tried to establish a monopoly of idealism. Our first ideal is our country. Our ideal is to make her ever stronger and better and finer, because in that way alone can she be of the greatest service to the worlds peace and to the welfare of mankind. Source: Stanford History Education Group. Lodge was not arguing for isolationism here – recall that he believes the United States has a place in the world. Rather, he is arguing against what he calls internationalism, the idea that a nation would give up its sovereignty to international actors. Ultimately, Lodge’s point of view won the day and the United States did not join the League of Nations. This video gives a bit more of the context regarding the fight between Wilson and the Senate regarding entrance into the League of Nations. What kinds of questions will I be asked on the APUSH exam about the League of Nations? From the APUSH practice exam. â€Å"[H]istory and experience prove that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of republican government. . . . Excessive partiality for one foreign nation and excessive dislike of another cause those whom they actuate to see danger only on one side and serve to veil and even second the arts of influence on the other. . . . The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is in extending our commercial relations to have with them as little political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none, or a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns.† George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796 1. The ideas expressed in Washington’s address most strongly influenced which United States foreign policy decision in the twentieth century? A. The establishment of the United Nations in 1945 B. The formation of the NATO alliance between the United States and Western Europe in 1949 C. The refusal to join the League of Nations in 1919 D. The oil embargo against Japan in 1941 Correct Answer: C; the refusal to join the League of Nations was heavily based on the idea that the United States should not be wrapped up in the entanglements of other countries and should maintain its own sovereignty.

The Impact Of Exceptionalism On The United States - 944 Words

Exceptionalism is neither new, as explained above, nor exclusive to the United States. Several historical actors, such as Great Britain, France and the former Soviet Union claimed exceptionalist ideas (Ignatieff, 2005; Holsti, 2010). The current U.S. President Obama also stresses a similar point by stating that â€Å"I believe in American exceptionalism, just as I suspect that the Brits believe in British exceptionalism and the Greeks believe in Greek exceptionalism† (Obama, cited in Ceaser, 2012, p.4). However, exceptionalism purposed by the U.S. is different from those of other countries. Firstly, although each countries believe in their own uniqueness (Hoffmann, 2005), no country but the U.S. claims and attempts to discharge its missionary duty in international affairs. Regarding this point, Ignatieff (2005, p.13) states that the U.S.’s â€Å"desire for moral leadership is something more than the ordinary narcissism and nationalism that all powerful states displayâ € . Secondly, the U.S. has embraced the exceptionalist ideas from the very outset of its history, while other great powers in history only started to adopt it in order â€Å"to justify their acquisition and maintenance of empires† (Davis and Lynn-Jones,1987, p.22). This fact implies that American exceptionalism is not mere political ideology, but national identity, which has strongly inherited among American public. In the U.S., where diversified people live together, it is not common language, religion or culture, but sharedShow MoreRelatedA Brief Look at American Exceptionalism1271 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction American Exceptionalism refers to the image portrayed by the United States of America as a unique and distinct nation with strong pillars of democracy and liberty. The image stands out globally and defines the U.S. as a nation founded on a viable constitution since its inception in 1776. The other inferences linked to its uniqueness include strong political institutions and American Revolution. These events happened relatively at the same period in the rich American history. ThereafterRead MoreAmerican Religion And The American Of American Culture And Spirit By Harold Koh And Ted Bromund1658 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican Exceptionalism American Exceptionalism is defined in literature as Americans’ deprecation of power politics and old-fashioned diplomacy, mistrust of powerful standing armies and entangling peacetime commitments, their supposedly moralistic judgements about other people’s domestic systems, and belief that liberal values transfer readily to foreign affairs. The reason for American Exceptionalism could be chased back to American Culture and American Spirit. 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First, it allows USPACOM personnel to understand their biases. Second, it gives USPACOM personnel a perspective on how nations in their area of responsibility may potentially view their actions. Finally, cross-cultural communications provides tools for USPACOM personnel toRead MoreNational Security Structure Development in Steven Hook and John Spaniers Book, American Foreign Policy Since WWII807 Words   |  4 PagesAside from being informative and concise in its historical approach, Hook and Spanier also critiques the several flaws and perspecti ves that occurred in the American foreign policy history since World War II. Hook and Spainer deems that American Exceptionalism greatly fuels and influences some of the most important foreign policies since World War II. It is basically a belief that the U.S. is different from all other countries, and thus, is necessary to be also considered as different. 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The theory of exceptionalism dates back to Alexis De Tocqueville, a French political thinker who described the country as quite exceptional and believed no democratic individuals will ever be placed in a similar one (De Tocqueville, 1835). According to Webster’s dictionary, exceptionalism is describedRead MoreThe Frontier Of American History1567 Words   |  7 Pagesthe idea of American exceptionalism, which states that America is different than other nations in the world. The development of America included many significant events, and our nation s identity was made up by many factors, not just only the frontier. Nowadays, the America defines itself as a large and powerful country in the world. We are all proud to be an American. Thus, the stress on a distinct national identity is appropriate within an increasingly diverse nation-state and an ever globalizingRead MorePresident Obam A New Era Of Responsibility Essay1277 Words   |  6 Pages In 2008, still withered by the greatest economic downturn in nearly a century and embroiled in two costly and seemingly unending wars, the citizens of the United States of America were in desperate need of a beacon of hope. However, as the new year was ushered in, so was the chance at a new start. In January 2009, the first African American president, Barack Obama took his oath and delivered his inaugural address, â€Å"A New Era of Responsibility.† In this speech, President Obama, in an attempt toRead MoreAn Era Of Great Conflict1375 Words   |  6 PagesDemocracy in America in 1835 and examined the democratic revolution; he references to American Exceptionalism and the five characteristics that make America â€Å"Exceptional†. Similarly, the 1950s in America was recognized for its highs and lows. Even with the economy was booming, it was known as an era of great conflict (History.com Staff). In the 1950s, Tocqueville’s five characteristics of American Exceptio nalism are invalidated; liberty was not attainable due to the Cold War policies like McCarthyism

Essay about Othello, or the Fall of a General - 1061 Words

Othello, or the Fall of a General Othello, the general and protagonist in William Shakespeare’s tragic drama Othello, is an amazing individual in many respects. Let us in this essay explore his character in depth, along with critical opinion. Blanche Coles in Shakespeare’s Four Giants praises Othello as a superior being: In Act I, Scene III, the â€Å"valiant Othello,† as the Duke calls him, comes into the august presence of the Venetian senators. He enters with others but can be singled out by his soldierly bearing in which there appears a certain pride in his calling but no petty self-confidence. His appearance is that of a man mellowed more by experience than by years. He is not handsome as to facial†¦show more content†¦Indeed, this talented soldier is no mere daughter-snatcher! When Brabantio’s pack has drawn their swords with the intent to fight, Othello calmly states: â€Å"Keep up your bright swords, for the dew will rust them.† He is in charge; the accused controls the mob. Politely he addresses the mob leader. â€Å"Where will you that I go / To answer this your charge?† Brabantio demands prison for the general, but this conflicts with the duke’s request for the general’s presence in council. When they have reappeared before the duke, the latter greets Othello immediately and respectfully (â€Å"Valiant Othello, we must straight employ you / Against the general enemy Ottoman.†), but doesn’t even notice the senator Brabantio (â€Å"I did not see you. Welcome, gentle signior.† Noble Othello obviously outranks even the senator, in the estimation of the city’s leader. Brabantio’s serious charges are handled expeditiously, and even trivialized by so brief a consideration by the august body, who quickly rally around the general. The duke tells Brabantio, â€Å"Your son-in-law is far more fair than black† – a compliment to Othello’s virtue and upstanding performance both presently in front of the senators and previously in battles. Cassio’s ship lands first in Cyprus, before Iago’s and the general’s. While the lieutenant isShow MoreRelated Othello: the General and His Fall Essay examples1878 Words   |  8 PagesOthello: the General and His Fall  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   The noble Othello in the Shakespearean play of that name has no one to blame but himself; his suicide results. Is his downfall resulting from his naivete and gullibility? Let us study and expose this famous character in this essay.    Francis Ferguson in â€Å"Two Worldviews Echo Each Other† describes how Othello carries out Iago’s plan of destruction:    Othello moves to kill Desdemona (Act V, scene 2) with that â€Å"icy current and compulsiveRead MoreAnalysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare816 Words   |  4 PagesBell Eng. 1 Pre-I.B. 05 April 2015 Self-Confidence In the book, Othello, by William Shakespeare, the author expresses that without self-confidence a person cannot truly grow emotionally. 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Iago and Cassio are Othellos best friends, Iago turns out to be two-faced and evil towards Othello because he gave the job of Read MoreEssay The Tragedy of Othello1292 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare masterfully crafted Othello, the Moor of Venice as an Aristotelian tragedy play. The main protagonist of the play, Othello, is the perfect example of a tragic hero. Shakespeare was influenced by Aristotle’s concept of a tragic hero and used Aristotle’s principles to create Othello. William Shakespeare attempted to create an Aristotelian tragedy play with a tragic hero and succeeded in Othello, the Moor of Venice by weaving in pity and fear into each line and action. The powerRead MoreIs Othello a Tragic Hero? Essay1479 Words   |  6 Pageswhat extent can Othello be considered a ‘tragic hero’? The extent of which Othello is a tragic hero has been open to much debate; the basis on which he is judged falls to Aristotle’s established view of the crucial elements that distinguish whether a person is truly tragic. According to Aristotle, a tragic protagonist is a nobleman or person from high status, who contributes to his own demise and illustrates a flaw or weakness in judgment. The tragic protagonist must make a fall from a high stateRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Othello, The Moor1720 Words   |  7 PagesThe Tragedy of Othello, the Moor the Venice: The Fall of A Man for His Race by Josà © Pineda. Professor Arzola English 2322 5 July 2015 Outline. Thesis: The tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice written by William Shakespeare, the author uses a characters to express the complex social circumstance of race at the time and how the white men’s ideas about black people leads to their hate and downfalls throughout the play. Sociological Approach. I. Summary plot. II. Description of the mainRead MoreEssay on A Closed Reading of Othellos Speech1134 Words   |  5 Pages Othello is a man who is respected as a General in the Army. Brabanzio even considered him a friend. Thanks to Iago planting a seed in Brabanzio ear about his daughter, Desdemona, Brabanzio accused Othello of taking his daughter away from him by means of drugs or poision. Othello has fought on the battle-field and now finds himself on a very different kind of battle-field. He finds himself in a position of being forced to defend his honor, friendship and his love. There has beenRead MoreOthello Character Analysis Essay839 Words   |  4 PagesOthello is exemplified and referred to as an exceptional character that falls as the result of a tragic flaw. Othello; a black moor downfalls from a highly respected general to a jealous man who murders his own wife and himself. Othello is portrayed as a man that shows greatness; as a general from Venice who received high respect from his townspeople. However, Othello suffers from a moral dilemma, â€Å"jealousy.† Therefore he becomes convinced by a once trusted, scheming friend;Iago, that his wife, DesdemonaRead MoreKahron Fyffe. . World Literature . . Dr. Fiore. . 28 April1036 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature Dr. Fiore 28 April 2017 Othello: Hero or Stranger Othello is a hero due to being a hardened and vicious warrior on the battlefield but he is also a tragic hero in this play. A tragic hero by definition is a literary character who makes a judgment error that inevitably leads to his/her own destruction. For example Othello is the husband of Desdemona whom he murders because he has been misled by the villainous IagoRead MoreEssay on Othello Chose His Fate794 Words   |  4 PagesThe play Othello the Moor of Venice, is one of Shakespeares great tragedies. That being so, for every tragedy, there is the tragic hero- a man that is, at bottom, truly honorable and good, but plagued by a flaw that causes his fateful undoing. The question then arises whether there is sufficient evidence to all-together condemn Othello as a malevolent and innately evil man, or such evidence that he was simply deceived by Iagos treachery and should be excused for his actions. Yet, as the play

Social Networking Sites Bring More Benefits Than Harms free essay sample

Nowadays, social networking sites are very popular among people all around the world especially teenagers. In fact, social networking sites such as Facebook, Myspace and Twitter are names which are quite familiar to anyone of us. Furthermore, many of us make use of these social networking sites to stay in touch with our family and friends. This is because that these sites are cheap, fast and easy to access. However, the parents often feel worry for letting their teens use these social networking sites. In this case, a study IVe founded stated that these sites have actually bring more enefits than harms to teens. Advocates of the social networking sites show that these sites have become an essential daily necessity for people who are using them. These sites serve as a great way for people to meet new friends from every part of the world. They are able to create their own profile in these social networking sites and start making new friends. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Networking Sites Bring More Benefits Than Harms or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They can find users who have the same interests to them with the help of advanced search tools and that can be the starting point of a great friendship or relationship. Many people meet online and then stabilish a relationship in real life. However, they need to be extra be careful when they want to meet friends whom they know from social networking sites so that they will not be cheated or lead themselves into dangers. These sites are Just convenient and easy. People with low self-esteem may make their friends via social networking sites. When they interact with other people through the internet, it becomes more easier for shy people or those who have low self-esteem since they dont have to talk with eople face to face and the purpose of these sites is to start and participate in online conversations. These sites can help to develop a positive attitude for people who are shy. These social networking sites also help these people to increase their confident in socialization and hence overcome their low self-esteem and enhance their communication skills. The interaction between them with other people will not be a problem later on since they have already talked and interacted online. Thus, I believe that social networking sites bring more benefits to people. Besides, people can share their thoughts on the social networking sites. Social networking sites act as a forum where people around the world are able to give their opinions on certain topics that we shared on our profile. For example, the hot topic for this year is the abandoned of helpless babies by irresponsible fathers or mothers. In this case, people can always share their opinions on some certain hot topics by just updating their status in their profile. Meanwhile, the secondary students, collegues and universities students may discuss about their homeworks, Journal ritings and assignments too. They can gain some new knowledge and get to know other peoples opinion which can help them to write better essays. They can also learn about other countries cultures and t li estyles where the intormations mig useful in their future. The social networking sites also provide a good way for people to release their pressure. These sites especially Facebook provide entertainments such as mini games or videos and songs applications. The users of Facebook can use these applications to release their daily life pressure. They can also release their problems by updating their status by using Facebook or Twitter. These social networking sites are certainly convenient especially for people who are always busy with their works as they can be access easily via mobile. Therefore, these websites will give people benefits as long as the people are using them in the proper way. Some social networking sites are also acting as good places to find a Job for those who are Jobless. Most people knows that the best way to find a Job is through social etworking sites. Nowadays the big companiese have specialists on human resources that search for profiles in these kind of sites to recruit new collaborators. Therefore, those who are Jobless can create a profile and describe their capabilities and publish some of their works on the profile created. This might enhance their chances to be discovered and recruited by a company although it is a matter of luck. In conclusion, I totally agree that social networking sites bring more benefits than harms if we use it correctly. It is impossible to have events involving child predators and other dangerous individuals using these sites if and only if the parents guide their children to make use of these sites responsibly. Besides, if we want to build our reputation and have more friends well need to participate more in social networking. An old sayings sing that going to the gym and doing a few reps will not make you a body builder. Therefore, people should have involve themselves more in social networking so that they can make fully use of these websites which benefits them a